Linkage,c co on ns st t ands st ta at ti ic c member functions, abstract classes, multiple inheritance, templates, and exception handling. C is a general-purpose programming language; its core application domain is systems pro-gramming in the broadest sense. In addition, Cis successfully used in many application areas. #PDF The C Programming Language (2nd Edition) Online. Linksys cisco connect software download. Detail Author: Brian W. Kernighan Pages: 288 pages Publisher: Prentice Hall 1988-03-22 Language: English ISBN-10: ISBN.
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sách dành cho những người mới bắt đầu lập trình C [..].. called, getchar reads the next input character from a text stream and returns that as its value That is, after c = getchar(); the variable c contains the next character of input The characters normally come from the keyboard; input from files is discussed in Chapter 7 The function putchar prints a character each time it is called: putchar (c) ; prints the contents of the integer variable c as a character,.. while loop, the copy program can be written this way: #include /* copy input to output; 2nd version main() { int c; */ while ( (c = getchar()) != EOF) putchar (c) ; } The while gets a character, assigns it to c, and then tests whether the character was the endof-file signal If it was not, the body of the while is executed, printing the character The while then repeats When the end of the input.. is the same as before except for the added keyword extern In certain circumstances, the extern declaration can be omitted If the definition of the external variable occurs in the source file before its use in a particular function, then there is no need for an extern declaration in the function The extern declarations in main, getline and copy are thus redundant In fact, common practice is to place.. terminology in other languages We will use the term automatic henceforth to refer to these local variables (Chapter 4 discusses the static storage class, in which local variables do retain their values between calls.) Because automatic variables come and go with function invocation, they do not retain their values from one call to the next, and must be explicitly set upon each entry If they are not set, they.. Because they are declared within main, no other function can have direct access to them The same is true of the variables in other functions; for example, the variable i in getline is unrelated to the i in copy Each local variable in a function comes into existence only when the function is called, and disappears when the function is exited This is why such variables are usually known as automatic variables,.. in Chapter 2.) Exercsise 1-6 Verify that the expression getchar() != EOF is 0 or 1 Exercise 1-7 Write a program to print the value of EOF 1.5.2 Character Counting The next program counts characters; it is similar to the copy program #include /* count characters in input; 1st version */ main() { long nc; nc = 0; while (getchar() != EOF) 20 ++nc; printf('%ldn', nc); } The statement ++nc; presents.. particular character set The escape sequences used in string constants are also legal in character constants, so 'n' stands for the value of the newline character, which is 10 in ASCII You should note carefully that 'n' is a single character, and in expressions is just an integer; on the other hand, 'n' is a string constant that happens to contain only one character The topic of strings versus characters.. called function must declare the parameter to be a pointer and access the variable indirectly through it We will cover pointers in Chapter 5 The story is different for arrays When the name of an array is used as an argument, the value passed to the function is the location or address of the beginning of the array - there is no copying of array elements By subscripting this value, the function can access.. to the numerical value of the character in the machine's character set This is called a character constant, although it is just another way to write a small integer So, for example, 'A' is a character constant; in the ASCII character set its value is 65, the internal representation of the character A Of course, 'A' is to be preferred over 65: its meaning is obvious, and it is independent of a particular.. as 037 in octal and 0x1f or 0x1F in hex Octal and hexadecimal constants may also be followed by L to make them long and U to make them unsigned: 0XFUL is an unsigned long constant with value 15 decimal A character constant is an integer, written as one character within single quotes, such as 'x' The value of a character constant is the numeric value of the character in the machine's character set For 123doc.vn